Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning "knowledge") is "any system of knowledge that is concerned with the physical world and its phenomena and that entails unbiased observations and systematic experimentation"[1]. It builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the world.[2][3][4][5] An older meaning still in use today is that of Aristotle, for whom scientific knowledge was a body of reliable knowledge that can be logically and rationally explained (see "History and etymology" section below).[6]
Since classical antiquity science as a type of knowledge was closely linked to philosophy. In early modern times the two words, "science" and "philosophy", were sometimes used interchangeably in the English language. By the 17th century, "natural philosophy" (which is today called "natural science") could be considered separately from "philosophy" in general.[7] However, "science" continued to be used in a broad sense denoting reliable knowledge about a topic, in the same way it is still used in modern terms such as library science or political science.
Science is "[i]n modern use, often treated as synonymous with ‘Natural and Physical Science’, and thus restricted to those branches of study that relate to the phenomena of the material universe and their laws, sometimes with implied exclusion of pure mathematics. This is now the dominant sense in ordinary use[8]." This narrower sense of "science" developed as a part of science became a distinct enterprise of defining "laws of nature", based on early examples such as Kepler's laws, Galileo's laws, and Newton's laws of motion. In this period it became more common to refer to natural philosophy as "natural science". Over the course of the 19th century, the word "science" became increasingly associated with the disciplined study of the natural world including physics, chemistry, geology and biology.
This sometimes left the study of human thought and society in a linguistic limbo, which was resolved by classifying these areas of academic study as social science. Similarly, several other major areas of disciplined study and knowledge exist today under the general rubric of "science", such as formal science andapplied science.[9]
Astronomy
Astrophysics · Cosmology
Galactic astronomy · Planetary geology
Planetary science · Stellar astronomy
Biology
Anatomy · Astrobiology · Biochemistry
Biogeography · Biological engineering ·Biophysics
Behavioral neuroscience ·Biotechnology
Botany · Cell biology · Cryobiology
Developmental biology
Ecology · Ethnobiology
Evolutionary biology (introduction)
Genetics (introduction)
Gerontology · Immunology · Limnology
Marine biology · Microbiology
Molecular biology · Neuroscience
Paleontology · Parasitology · Physiology
Radiobiology · Soil biology
Theoretical biology · Toxicology ·Zoology
Chemistry
Acid-base reaction theories · Alchemy
Analytical chemistry · Astrochemistry
Biochemistry · Crystallography
Environmental chemistry · Food science
Geochemistry · Green chemistry
Inorganic chemistry · Materials science
Molecular physics · Nuclear chemistry
Organic chemistry · Photochemistry
Physical chemistry · Radiochemistry
Solid-state chemistry · Stereochemistry
Supramolecular chemistry
Surface science · Theoretical chemistry
Earth sciences
Atmospheric sciences · Ecology
Environmental science · Geodesy
Geology · Geomorphology
Geophysics · Glaciology · Hydrology
Limnology · Mineralogy · Oceanography
Paleoclimatology · Palynology
Physical geography · Soil science
Space science
Physics
Applied physics · Atomic physics
Computational physics
Condensed matter physics
Experimental physics · Mechanics
Particle physics · Plasma physics
Quantum mechanics (introduction)
Solid mechanics · Theoretical physics
Thermodynamics · Entropy
General relativity · M-theory
Special relativity
Sources:
Wikipedia